A review of offshore wind monopiles structural design achievements and challenges

The taller and heavier OWT monopile structures has unique structural engineering design challenges which could lead to catastrophic under-conservative designs or more likely, expensive over-conservative engineering. need for an efficient cannot be overemphasised given the current configurations future monopiles novel concepts due cost of materials increasing towers foundations diameter thickness, longer bigger RNA, directly impacts manufacturing, transportation, installation activities. This trend is projected continue as industry utilises shallow medium water depths siting new Offshore Wind Turbine (OWT) development wind farms. through faced by relatively are exacerbated shortcomings techniques practices adopted from oil gas in accordance with codes standards. paper presents a concise review salient technical aspects, recent improvements offshore turbine design, considering structure size capacity. presented this primarily focused on grouted connection between foundation tower, damping response analysis, soil scouring, soil-monopile interaction modelling, corrosion. aim critically assess, outline, discuss achievements identify challenges, provide direction research